/* header {
  border-top: 10px solid darkgrey;
}
*/
* {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}



body {
  /* font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; */
  position: relative;
}

.container {
  width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto; 
}


.header-res1 {
  display: flex;
  background-color: #dfdfdf;
  justify-content: space-between;
  height: 70px;
  margin-right: 0;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  border: 1px solid darkblue
}



.first-column {
    align-items:flex-start;
    padding: 0 5px;
    }


    h1 {
      color: darkblue;
      font-style: normal;
      font-size: 40px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      float:left;
    }

    .header-11 {
      display:flex;
      align-items: flex-start;
      color:darkblue;
      font-size: 40px;
    }

    .second-column {
      align-items:flex-end;
      justify-content: flex-end;
      display:flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      padding-top:2px;
      padding-bottom:5px; 
      gap:25px;
    }


    .first-row {
      align-items: flex-end;
      padding-top: 20px;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }
      
.item {
  margin-right:12px;
}

      
    .second-row {
      align-self: flex-end;
      gap: 10px;
      background-color: rgb(224, 226, 226);
      font-size: 13px;
      text-align:center;
    }
    

    .second-row a {
      font-size:12px;
    }

   /*
    nav {
      background-color: rgb(239, 234, 234); 
      font-size: 15px;
      text-align: center;
      float:right;
    } */
     
    /*
    header nav a {
      color: brown;  
    }
    */
    
    a:link {
      color: #a14646;
      text-decoration: none;
    }
    
    a:visited {
      color: darkred;
    }
    
    a:hover {
      color: orangered;
      font-weight: bold;
      text-decoration: underline dotted orangered;
    }
    
    a:active {
      background-color: darkred;
      font-style: oblique;
    }
    
    
    @keyframes scroll {
      0% {
        transform: translateX(180%);
      }
      100% {
        transform: translateX(-100%);
      }
    }

    .scrolling-text-container {
      overflow: hidden;
      white-space: nowrap;
      height:30px;
      margin-top:5px;
      color:brown;
      background-color: rgb(0, 2, 139);
      position: relative;    
    }

    .scrolling-text {
      display: inline-block;
      animation: scroll 10s linear infinite;
      margin-top:5px;
      margin-bottom:5px;
   
      color: white;
      font-size: 18px;
    }

    
.scrolling-text-container:hover .scrolling-text {
animation-play-state: paused;
}

.jpv-text {
  font-size: 12px;
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;
}
    
    .row {
      display:flex; 
      align-items:flex-start;
  
      margin-bottom:60px;
      flex:1;                       /* just added */
     }
    

     article {
     padding: 10px 10px;
     flex:1;
     margin-bottom:0;
     border: 1px solid black;
     background-color: lightblue;       
     padding:10px;     
     }
 

     .header-2 {
      display: flex;
      justify-content:flex-start;
      background-color: rgb(215, 213, 213);
      height: 155px;
      padding:20px 20px;
      margin-bottom:2px;
      gap:20px;
    }
    
    .author-main {
      display:flex;
      align-items:flex-start;
      
    }


    .author-img {
      float:left;
      }

      .name {
        padding-top:10px;
        font-size:15px;
        font-family: serif;
        padding-left:20px;      /* check these two rows */
        float: left;
        font-size:13px;
       }
       
       .name-description {
         font-size: 13px;
         font-family: serif;
         text-align: justify;
         background-color: #e7e3e3;
         padding: 10px 20px; 
         margin-bottom: 1px;
         margin-top: 0;
       }
       
       h3 {
        color: darkblue;
        font-size: 16px;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
        margin-top: 20px;
      }
      
      
      p {
        font-size: 14px;
        margin-bottom: 15px;
        /*display: inline; */
      }
      
       
       .text-heading {
         padding-top: 0;
         padding-bottom:5px;
         font-weight: bold;
         margin-top:10px;
         margin-bottom:2px;
       }
       

       .list-1 {
        margin-left:15px;
      }
      
      .aside-11 {
        margin-bottom: 0px;
        padding-top: 20px;
        padding-bottom:30px;
        padding-left: 5px;
        padding-right:5px;
         position: relative;
         border-top: 2px solid darkcyan;
         border-bottom: 2px solid darkcyan; 
         background-color: rgb(229, 231, 231);
         
       }
      
       h2 {
        color: darkblue;
        font-size: 25px;
        /* text-align: center; */
      }
      
      
      .heading-1 {
        text-align: center;
        margin-bottom:15px;
        margin-top:0;
        font-size:20px;
      }
      

      .remove-bullet {
        list-style: none; 
        padding-left: 20px;
        }
      

        .book-pic {
  
          margin-top:2px;
          margin-bottom: 10px;
          width:100px;
          height:150px;
          margin-right:20px;
          
        }

        .img {
          max-width: 100%;
          height:auto;
          margin-bottom:5px;
        }
               
      .publisher-year {
          font-size: 15px;
          font-weight:bold;
         background-color: rgb(229, 231, 231);
          color: #000;
          padding: 2px;
          border: none;
          cursor: pointer;
         position: absolute; 
          bottom: 5px;
          left: 50px;
        }
        



        .book1-descriptionM {
          font-size: 15px;
          font-family: serif;
          position: absolute;
          bottom: 5px;
          right: 50px;
          left: 250px; 
          top: 68px;
          text-align: justify;
          display: inline-block; 
        }
        
        .book-download {
          font-size: 15px;
          font-weight: bold;
          background-color: hsl(0, 5%, 89%);
          color: #000;
          padding: 2px;
          cursor: pointer;
          position: absolute;
          bottom: 10px;
          right: 50px;
        }
        
        .aside-1 {
          margin-bottom: 0px;
           padding: 30px 5px;      /* to be checked padding:15px 5px; */
           position: relative;
           border-top: 2px solid darkcyan;
           border-bottom: 2px solid darkcyan; 
           background-color: rgb(229, 231, 231);
           
         }
    
      .book1-description {
          font-size: 15px;
          font-family: serif;
          position: absolute;
          display: inline-block; 
          bottom: 5px;
          right: 50px;
          left: 250px; 
          top: 30px;
          text-align: justify;
        }
             


       .aside-section {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        background-color: #dcdcdc; 
        border: 2px normal rgb(230, 228, 228);
        padding: 5px;
        flex: 0 0 380px;
        margin-left:1px;   
    
        }

        
  .heading-aside {
    font-size: 15px;
    color:darkblue;
    margin-top:5px;
    margin-left:25px;
  }

  .first-section {
    display: flex;
    align-items:flex-start;           /* vertically aligned */
    justify-content:space-between; /* items will arrange in both ends */
    height:200px;
    padding-top: 10px;
    margin-left:15px;
    }
    
  
  .component-1 {
    margin-top:2px;
  } 
  
  .component-11 {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: bold;
    margin-left: 14px;
    padding: 2px;
    cursor: pointer;
    /* position: absolute; */
    top:315px;
    right: 297px;
    background-color: #dcdcdc; 
    border:none;
  }
  
  
  .text-element {
    /* position:absolute; */
    font-size: 12px;
    color:darkblue;
    left: 79%;
    right: 50px;
    text-align:justify;
  }

  .component-12 {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: bold;
    padding: 2px;
    cursor: pointer;
    /* position: absolute; */
    top:250px;
    right: 54px;
    background-color: #dcdcdc; 
    border:none;
  }
  
  .heading-aside1 {
    font-size: 20px;
    color:darkblue;
    text-align:center; 
  }

    .second-section {
       display: flex;
       flex-direction: column;
       font-size: 13px;
       margin-top: 15px;
       margin-left:15px;
       margin-right:15px;
       margin-bottom:15px;
    
     }

    .research-link {
      margin-bottom:-7px;
      margin-left:15px;
      margin-right:5px;
    }

h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
p,
footer {
  font-family: sans-serif;
  /* margin-left: 5px;
  margin-right: 5px; */
  /* text-align: center; */
  text-align: justify;
}

    
#copyright {
  font-size: 12px;
}


























  /*
  .second-section {
    display: flex;
    align-items:flex-start;         
    justify-content:space-between; 
    height:200px;
    padding-top: 1px;
    }
 



  .aside-section1 {
    display:flex; 
    flex-direction: row;
    gap:20px;

  }
  
  .aside-section2 {
   flex: 1; 
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    font-size: 20px;
    margin-top: 8px;
    margin-left:5px;
    margin-bottom:50px;

  }







.vertical-block1 {
  text-align: center;
}

.vertical-block1 h3 {
  font-size: 20px; 
  margin-bottom: 10px; 
}

/*
.vertical-block2 ol.research-link {
  list-style-type: decimal; 
  text-align: left; 
  margin-left: 20px;
}

.vertical-block2 ol.research-link li {
  font-size: 14px; /* Set the font size for list items 
  margin-bottom: 10px; 
}




    
  .button {
    position:absolute;
    top:315px;
    left:69%;  
    padding:2px;
    text-align:justify;
    text-decoration:none;
    display:inline-block;
    font-size:11px;
    cursor:pointer;
    border:none;
    font-weight:bold;
    background-color: #dcdcdc;
   
  }

  
.button1 {
  position:absolute;
  display:inline-block;
  font-weight:bold;
  font-size:12px;
  left: 800px;
  right: 55px;
  top: 250px;
  border:none;
  background-color: #dcdcdc;

}  

*/


 





/*
.marquee-container {
  width: 8ch;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 20px auto;
  overflow: hidden;
  
}

.marquee-content {
  white-space: nowrap;
  padding-left: 15px;
 
}

*/


















/*
.issues-heading {
  font-size: 15px;
  text-align:center;
  margin-top:40px;
  margin-left:15px;
}



.scrolling-text {
  height: 100px; 
  overflow: hidden; 
}


.scrolling-text marquee {
  display: block;
  white-space: nowrap; 
  animation: scroll 10s linear infinite; 
}

@keyframes scroll {
  0% {
    transform: translateY(100%);
  }

  100% {
    transform: translateY(-100%);
  }
}


.issues-heading {
  font-size: 15px;
  text-align:center;
  margin-top:40px;
  margin-left:15px;
}


.header-1 {
  display: flex;
  background-color: rgb(224, 226, 226);
 background-color: #efeaea;
  justify-content: space-between;
  height: 70px;
  margin-right: 5px;
  padding-top:10px;
  padding-left:5px;
}


.header-12 {
  display:flex;
  align-items:flex-end;
  background-color: rgb(224, 226, 226);
  /* background-color: skyblue; */
  /* padding: 10px 10px; 
  font-size: 13px;
  color: yellow;
  padding-bottom: 10px;
  gap:5px;
}


  /* CSS for Resources 



.header-res1 {
  display: flex;
  background-color: #efeaea;
  justify-content: space-between;
  height: 200px;
  margin-right: 5px;
  padding-top:10px;
  padding-left:5px;
  
}


.header-res11 {

  display:flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  color:darkblue;
  font-size: 40px;
}


.header-res12 {
  display:flex;
  align-items:flex-end;

  font-size: 13px;
  color: yellow;
  padding-bottom: 10px;
  gap:5px;

}

.header-p1 {
  background-color: darkblue;
  color:rgb(253, 254, 255)
  padding: 30px 40px;
  height: 90px;
  text-align:center;

}

*/








  

  


   









/*

.header-resources {
  justify-content: space-between;
  
}

   aside {
      background-color: rgb(215, 213, 213);
      border-top: 5px solid #9f9b9b;
      border-bottom: 5px solid #9f9b9b;
      padding: 15x 10x;
      margin-bottom: 5px;
      padding-top: 2px;
      padding-bottom: 2px;
      /*width: 800px;*/
      /*background-color: e1e7e7;
     }


.header-p1 {
  background-color: darkblue;
  padding: 30px 40px;
  text-align: center;
  /* justify-content: space-between; */
  /* You can remove the height property if you want it to be flexible based on content 
}

.publication-1 {
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 35px;
  text-align: center;
  text-transform: initial;
  padding: 10px 10px;


.publication-1 {
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 35px;
  text-align: center;
  text-transform: initial;
  padding: 10px 10px;
}


*/






/*
.resource-0 {
  display:flex;
  height:15px;
  justify-content:flex-end;
  gap:20px;
  padding-top: 10px;
  padding-bottom: 10px;

  .row-1 {
    display:flex; 
    align-items:flex-start;
    gap:20px;
    margin-bottom:15px;
   }

   .resource-1 {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column; 
    flex: 0 0 150px;
   align-items: flex-start; 
   justify-content:center;
    background-color: #efeaea;
    height: 300px;
    margin-right: 5px; 
    padding-top: 20px;
    padding-left:25px;
    gap: 2px;
    margin-top:20px;
    margin-left:1px;
      }

 
.resource-2 {
        margin-bottom:0;
        align-items:flex-start;
    }
/*  flex:1; */







/* CSS for Publication */

/* 
.header-p1              Check in CSS for Resources 
.publication-1          Check in CSS for Resources 
.header-12              Check in CSS for Index 


.publication-chapter li:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 30px;
}

*/








/* CSS for Academics */

/* 
.header-p1              Check in CSS for Resources 
.publication-1          Check in CSS for Resources 
.header-12              Check in CSS for Index 


.el-1 {
  background-color: yellow;
  /*  align-self: stretch;
  flex: 0 1 auto; */
  /* height: 350px; 
  align-self: stretch;
  flex-grow: 0; 
  flex-basis: 300px;
  flex: 0 1 auto; 
 
}

.el-2 {
  background-color: #008000;
  align-self: center;
  flex-basis: 300px;

}

.el-heading {
  color: green;
  font-size: 20px;
  align-self: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.el-year:link {
  font-size:10px;
   font-style:normal;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
  margin-left:40px;
  vertical-align: middle;


  
.post-image {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}


.book-title {
  font-weight: bold;
  font-style: italic;
  font-size:20px;
}



  display: block; {

  align-content: center; 

  color: blue;
  font-size: 13px;
}


.test-1 {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
}


.publication-head {
  background-color: darkblue;

  font-size: 15px;
  text-align: center;
}

.clear {
  clear:both;
}


.section-2 {
  display:flex;

  flex-direction:row;
  align-items: center;   
  background-color: #dcdada;
  gap:20px;
  padding:15px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  position: relative;
  border-top: 5px solid rgb(42, 42, 42);
  border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(42,42,42);
}

.section-21 {
  display: flex;
  align-items:center;
  margin-bottom:20px;

}

.book-year {
  margin-top: 10px; 
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: darkblue;
  cursor: pointer;
  }
  
    .content {
    width: 80%;
    max-width: 600px;
    margin: 20px auto;
    overflow-y: scroll; 
    height: 300px; 
    border: 1px solid #ccc; 
    padding: 10px;
}



*/











/*
.aside-section2 {
  display:flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  margin-top:20px;
  display:block;
}






.aside-2 {
  margin-top: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  padding: 40px 5px;
  background-color:#000;
  color:#fff;
  position:relative
  padding-top:5px solid darkcyan;
  border-top: 5px solid #9f9b9b;
}

.aside-2 {
  
  margin-bottom: 0px;
  padding: 30px 5px;      
  position: relative;
  border-top: 5px solid darkcyan;
  border-bottom: 0px solid darkcyan; 
  background-color: rgb(229, 231, 231);
}


  /*font-family: sans-serif;
  font-size: 10px;
  margin: 20px;
  display: flex;
  gap: 30px;
  background-color: aquamarine;
  justify-content: flex-start; 
  align-items: center; 
  }

.book-purchase, 
.book-year, 
.book-pic {
    font-size: 15px;
    margin-left: 20px;
    margin-top:20px;
}

.download {
  background-color: #000;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 15px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  cursor: pointer;
  padding: 5px 15px;
  width: fit-content;
  border: 4px solid black;
  text-align: end;
  position: absolute;
  right: 130px;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
} 

/* Smaller Elements */

/*
ol {
  font-family: sans-serif;
  line-height: 1.5;
  font-size: 16;
}

ul {
  font-family: sans-serif;
  font-size: 16;
}


.related-year {
  color: brown;
  font-size: 15px;
}

  li:nth-child(2) {
    font-weight: bold;
    font-style: italic;
  }
  
  li:last-child {
    font-weight: bold;
    font-style: italic;
  }


.section-22 {

  margin-bottom:20px;

}

.book-details {
  display:inline-block; 
  font-size:14px;
  padding-top: 20px;
}

.book-purchase {
  align-self: flex-end; 

}

.related-post {
  display:flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap:5px;
}

*/
.PhotoGallary{
  text-align: center;
  font-family:'Times New Roman', Times, serif;
  margin-bottom: 3px;
  background-color: darkblue;
  color: white;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: normal;
}
.img1 {
  border: 1px solid #fffdfd;
  border-radius: 4px;
  padding: 5px;
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-top: 2px;
  background-color: aliceblue;
  /* width: 150px; */
}

#pictitle{
 text-align: center;
 font-size: 14px;
}